Bosporus, Istanbul, Turkey Spring/Summer 1996 One of the world’s strategic waterways, the Bosporus can be seen in this west-looking view. The Bosporus, which means “ox-ford”, connects the Black Sea (top right) with the Sea of Marmara (Marble Sea) (bottom left). It also separates European Turkey (upper left) from Asiatic Turkey (bottom right). Structurally, the Bosporus is an inundated valley following an irregular northeast-southwest course, 18 miles (29 km) long, widths varying from a little over 2 miles (4 km) at its northern mouth to 800 yards (730 meters) at Rumeli Hisari, midway along the strait. Although the current flows from north to south, there is a strong subsurface counter current, and numerous points and coves that set up whirls and eddies that make navigation of the strait dangerous to the inexperienced. At the Bosporus’ southern end is located one of the great historic cities in the world, Istanbul, formerly known as the city of Constantinople. Istanbul is the chief city, seaport, and tourist resort of Turkey as well a commercial and financial center. The European part of Istanbul is the terminus of an international rail service formerly called the Orient Express. In 1973, the European and Asian sections of Istanbul were linked by the opening of the Bosporus Suspension Bridge, (3524 feet/1074 meters long), which is discernible near the center of the image. Also discernible on the image just to the south of Istanbul anchored in the Sea of Marmara are large merchant ships (white-looking dots). In August 1999, a severe earthquake occurred just east of the Istanbul region on the Asian side killing thousands and destroying numerous buildings and other structures.